Unilever Vs P G - 1035 Words

1. When comparing and contrasting the two consumer goods companies, Unilever and Proctor Gamble (PG), there are some subtle similarities and differences of their Corporate Social Responsibilities. At first glance while reading the Harvard Business Review Unilever Case, it read that Unilever created their own strategy of creating the Unilever Sustainable Living Plan (USLP). With this plan Unilever insisted on using, this was for them to be environmentally friendly. Their plan essentially had three goals. Their goals were to help a billion people improve their health and overall well-being, halve their environmental footprint when making and using their products, and improve livelihoods of those in their value chain. What I understood†¦show more content†¦This is what would help them cut costs, and drive in more revenue by creating these sales and producing overseas. This is also what PG saw, â€Å"streamlining and strengthening our product portfolio†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (PG, 2016) . A third similarity between these two companies is that they consider what they waste after production. By 2009, Unilever identified major sources or what their waste was, and PG noted, â€Å"Head and Shoulders waste is being converted to compost in China, and scrap from Always is becoming part of low cost soles for shoes in India† (PG, 2016). Considering these similarities between the two companies, they do have their differences. According to an article from National Review, Unilever has violated ethical standards. â€Å"Last year, Unilever settled a long-term legal battle with Indian workers who suffered mercury poisoning at a now-padlocked thermometer factory† (Murdock, 2017). This goes against ethical corporate social responsibility because Unilever violated ideals that their CEO Polman envisioned which leaves a negative impact on the company. Another difference is Unilever seems focused on its â€Å"brand† within the company while PG is focused on â€Å" citizenship† more so their customers. Unilever says, â€Å"†¦not all brand managers have responded to the â€Å"brand imprint† initiative†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Barrett, 2016). While PG says they are, â€Å"committed to being a good corporate citizen and always doing the right thing† (PG, 2016). The thirdShow MoreRelatedPG vs Unilever Executive Summary1442 Words   |  6 PagesUnilever and Pamp;G – Comparative Analysis Executive Summary The Consumer Products Industry is the biggest industry in the world at the moment, with total revenues amounting to about 50% of all goods sold. It is comparable to the GDP of the 4th biggest economy in the world, and entails most of the products we use in our every day lives. There are 3 key factors that drive the industry today: developing markets, the emerging middle-class of developing countries and the millions of baby boomers inRead MoreSwot Analysis : Procter Gamble Essay1001 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Procter Gamble (PG), a leader in the personal products industry relies on branding, product innovation, and delivering value and quality products to consumers worldwide. However, PG has seen stagnant growth in profits. PG is a position to reevaluate and restructure its strategy by identifying external threats and weakness which is a key step to solidifying a corporate strategy for long-term growth. This is an PEST and Five Forces external analysis of PG’s threats and weaknesses,Read MoreThe battle of the brands- Old Spice vs. Axe847 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Title: The battle of the brands: Old Spice vs. Axe. 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Product line – who is the next ‘product hero‘ after the body washes? †¢ †¢ Promotion and all about media and communication Answering key questions: †¢ Why campaign is succesful? †¢ Should Old Spice campaign be continuedRead MoreEthical Policies Vs. Corporate Social Responsibilities1238 Words   |  5 PagesEthical policies vs. Corporate social responsibilities In ordinary life Ethical policies and CSR actions are commonly used and have certain overlapping, but there are contradictions between the two [1]. Ethical policies Let us come to general meaning of ethics. It is much dependent on individual’s inner voice, individual’s conduct of what is great or awful and senses make use of right or off-base. Presently apply this as business definition, the ultimate goal of the company is to make profitsRead MoreUnilever in Brazil3874 Words   |  16 PagesUnilever is a solid leader in the Brazilian detergent powder market with an 81% market share. Laercio Cardoso must decide: (1) whether Unilever should divert money from its premium brands to target the lower-margin segment of low-income consumers; (2) whether Unilever can reposition or extend one of its existing brands to avoid launching a new brand; and (3) what price, product, promotion, and distribution strategy would allow Unilever to deliver value to low-income consumers without cannibalizingRead MorePG Swot Analysis10435 Words   |  42 Pagesaids, including cosmetics, fragrances and over the counter medications; and diapers and feminine hygiene products. Other items range from cat litter to automotive additives. The top worldwide producers include Procter and Gamble, Kimberly Clark, Unilever, Colgate-Palmolive, Church and Dwight, Clorox, and Ecolab. Industry Trends and How It Operates Given the low growth rates of population and household formations in the developed nations, it has become more difficult for consumer productRead MoreUnilever Project10819 Words   |  44 PagesContents Section 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Introduction to the topic 3 1.2 Introduction to UNILEVER 4 1.3 Project objectives 5 1.4 Research Questions 5 1.5 Research approach 6 Section 2 Information Gathering 7 2.1 Sources used and reasons 7 2.2 Description of method used to collect information 8 2.3 Limitation of gathering information 9 2.4 Ethical Issues 9 2.5 Ratio Analysis 10 2.5(a) Limitation of ratio analysis 11 2.6 SWOT analysis 13 2.6(a) Limitations of SWOT analysisRead MoreFocus and Brand982 Words   |  4 Pageswhats an Apple? Like Pamp;G,  Apple  is a company brand. But unlike Pamp;G, the Apple company brand is a powerful motivating force for buying Apple product brands including the iPod, the iPhone and the iPad. Every company should have a powerful company brand, but they dont. Except for a handful of companies like Johnson amp; Johnson, most company brands influence very few consumers. How many consumers go out of their way to buy  Procter amp; Gamble  products? Or Unilever products? Or PepsiCo productsRead MoreTechnology And Innovation Management : Proctor And Gamble Company1385 Words   |  6 PagesCompany (PG) additionally focused on Beauty segment, grooming segment, Health Care segment, Snacks Pet Care segment, and Baby Care Family Home Care segments. For example Procter Gamble Company deals with brands such as Braun, Crest, Fusion, Gillette, Head Shoulders, Olay, Oral-B, Pantene, Pampers, and Tide. Proctor and Gamble’s competitors As per hoovers article â€Å"Johnson Johnson, Kimberly-Clark Corporation, Unilever† are the major competitors of Proctor and Gamble. Why did PG need to

People All Around The World Face Racism And Discrimination

People all around the world face racism and discrimination. Racism is a globally used word, and more than one race is capable of suffering its wrath. There are examples of it throughout history in all regions of the world. Racism can and does affect any race, whether it be: Caucasian, African American, Hispanic, Indian, Muslim, Jewish and others. More than one race can be racist, people in the past have overcome racism, and Catholic social teachings believe that everyone should have rights. Racism is the belief that a particular race is superior or inferior to another. Throughout history there have been many struggles between races. For example, the Holocaust. Hitler was German and he believed he could gain support by making up reasons to blame others. His main focus was on the Jews, but Gypsies, Slavs, and Poles were also targeted. Hitler’s plan was to exterminate all Jews in Europe. A more recent example is the Rwandan Genocide, a mass slaughter of one million Rwandans in 1994. The attack was planned and carried out by people in their own government. In other words, it was one race of Africans fighting another race of Africans. This is another example of people turning on another, within the same country. This also shows that racism is about race, not color. Police brutality is a topic we hear about too often on television. Police brutality is the deliberate use of excessive force carried out by a police officer, in front of a population. â€Å"... a white officer, DarrenShow MoreRelatedRacism And Racism985 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction â€Å"Racism is man’s gravest threat to man – the maximum of hatred for a minimum of reason† (Heschel, 1963). Heschel’s statement in his 1963 speech, Religion and Race, implies that racism is nothing short of hatred indicated on people without reason. The word ‘racism’ is often used, but is overlooked due to its constant reoccurrence in society. Although it is tossed around as a general term, it can be overshadowed and its meaning and disgust can be hidden well. Racism can be defined asRead MoreSocial Construction Of Race And Gender1529 Words   |  7 PagesSocial Construction of Race and Gender, Patriarchy and Prejudice and Discrimination in the Society Social construct may be defined as the social mechanism or a category which has been created by the society. It may either be a perception which is created by an individual or an idea which is constructed as a result of the culture. The present society has created a large number of constructs which are not good. In this paper, the discussion will be done on the social construction of raceRead MoreRacism : Racism Or Racial Profiling923 Words   |  4 PagesHistorically, racism has existed through out human history from 500- 1000 years. Racism is considered to be directed on the part of the Westerners towards the non westerners, such as the Asians, Africans and others. Racism however, is defined as hatred imposed from one person to another. Racism can also be that one particularly race is more superior than the other, or less human, due to the state of origin, colour of skin, language, ethnicity, gender, religious, and different biological characteristicsRead MoreRacism Essa y1634 Words   |  7 Pages1 Writing 121 Racism Changes Lives Racism is defined as views, practices, and actions reflecting the belief that human beings are divided into certain categories known as races and that these members share common attributes amongst one another. This definition causes a specific group or race to be less desirable, more desirable, inferior, or superior. The segregation between ethnicities have stirred many debates, battles, and controversy. Another issue that is related to racism would have to beRead MoreRacism, Discrimination, And Discrimination1442 Words   |  6 Pages There’s the saying that history repeats itself, and although the second time around might not be exactly like the first it’s the same in context. Majority of people can agree that forms of racism is still present in the 2000’s and others may beg to differ, but rather Americans acknowledge this or not it still stands that racism, discrimination etc still exists today. Today we face racism and discrimination more discreetly than they did during slavery and segregation. Inequality in the workplaceRead MoreThe World And Me Essay1231 Words   |  5 PagesTa-Nehisi Coates’ Between the World and Me is in essence about the rigors inflicted on people of color, and specifically black people, by America. His work goes on in depth about the challenges black people face in America, the communities and the world view they grow up in. Coates’ work is masterful at boiling down and explaining the problems that people of color face, from the outright racism of a brutal police force to subtler forms of similarly dangerous discrimination in the classroom, in politicsRead MorePersuasive Essay On Discrimination And Discrimination705 Words   |  3 Pagesnature to socially categorize people to be able to simplify the social worlds and to make conclusions about others. To be honest every individual prefers to socialize with people who share his/her ethnicity or interest without harming or disliking other different backgrounds. But putting people in categories may lead to unconscious prejudice and discrimination. Because it is seen as something that doesn’t cause damage, it can lead to hurtful unaware responses to many peop le. Tackling such a serious issueRead MoreAchievement Has No Colour in The Queen of Palmyra by Minrose Gwin1434 Words   |  6 Pagesskin, or his background, or his religion. People must learn to hate, and if they can learn to hate, they can be taught to love, for love comes more naturally to the human heart than its opposite† -Nelson Mandela. In the novel The Queen of Palmyra by Minrose Gwin, racial discrimination is a prominent issue in the small town of Millwood, Mississippi. Florence Forrest is a young caucasian girl who witnesses the brutality of her time and the horrific acts of racism that plagued her community and her familyRead MoreI Tomorrow, By Boori Monty Pryor1702 Words   |  7 Pageslove and the importance of family and their country. This book is also a political intervention, as it sheds light on racism and systemic discrimination, that he and his family and friends faced from within their society. He positioned the reader to rethink their preconceived thou ghts on race, power and equality. Within the book, Pryor is voicing the problems faced by him and all Australian Aboriginals who were affected by white colonisation. Therefore, by speaking in a self-representative mannerRead MoreRacial Discrimination : The Blacker The Berry1638 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Racial Discrimination is dreadful. It’s a social conflict against those who are a slightly different based on appearance. It has indeed become a well-known issue, which has created problems throughout the world. This issue is so distributing that it has incredibility-impacted society, especially influenced artists to incorporate the current issue into their songs. For instance, artists like Kendrick Lamar have expressed the issue of racial discrimination. In his song â€Å"The Blacker the

Executive Summary Development of Nestle Organization

Question: Discuss about the Executive Summary Development of Nestle Organization. Answer: Business in today's contemporary world is considered to be never ending race and there is a vast range of products, shops, showrooms and setups developed so far. The main aim of the presentation is to highlight the key factors which led to the establishment and development of Nestle organization in India since it is a Swiss based company. Hence this entire discussion is supported through appropriate data, observation, analysis and recommendations. The main technique followed to collect the data for presentation was through questioners, surveys, personal interviews, newspapers, internet and personal observation etc. In the following presentation the initial section have provided introduction regarding the organization been chosen and further a brief explanation of various factors of growth and its expansion of subsidiary branches. The next sections of the presentation shows profit generated from India and other branches located in this country. Here the financial analysis is been conducted in order to understand the amount of profit generated in following years and revenue growth down the line. The third section consists of research nature, research methodology, sampling methods and data collection techniques. It talks about the game theory and the Nash Equilibrium concept where Nestle is expected to expand and sell its goods in the market without creating a disturbance of price war in the market. It is usually assumed in this scenario that each competitor in the market individually knows the strategies of other one but at the same time nothing changes as the other remains constant in order to win the market. Till it changes its own strategy; the company itself cannot benefit. Thus Nash Equilibrium is considered as the foundation concept of the Game theory. Further Nestle can test its Nash Equilibrium by choosing its own price and expanding in market. While in section fourth an approach was made to scrutinize the primary data through various statistical and graphical tools and finally in the last section possible recommendations and conclusions were provided in order to justify the entire issue. In case of Nestle we applied Payoff Matrix theory with every individual competitor like ITC, HUL and GSK .If we put ITC and Nestle in case of price comparison in the payoff matrix then ITC is likely to win at times because it maintains a better price than Nestle .At the same time if Indo Nissan is taken for noodles comparison then Nestle is winning the market segment in this sector. So this is how the calculation on the basis of competitors and geographical distribution is explained in the PPT. The following presentation is a brief summary regarding Nestle India and its main purpose is to highlight the significant factors of growth .The Company was founded by Henry Nestle in 1866.The term Nestle was basically derived from a German word Little Nestle. Its first customer was a little kid who could neither handle his mother's breast milk nor tolerate any other substitutes. The first slide provides a short introduction about the company itself and its other subsidiary branches across India while the rest of the points deal with company head and its establishment in India. Basically it is a Switzerland based company but it generates huge revenue from India itself. The revenue of Nestle India is mainly confined to Noodles although the company has a huge range of products .The rest of the slides deals with the unique selling point of Nestle and these unique points finally led to growth of the company in India. The further slides in the ppt states the performance of the company in the coming years and present .After analyzing the financial situation the performance was calculated over the stipulated time period. Thus a calculation was done on gross sales, operating profit, net growth profit and earnings per share. Meanwhile other slides talks about expansion of the company in the Indian market with respect to growth and profit of the company. The remaining slides deal with research, development and discussion with regards to market sales and product innovation. The company engages in Cooperate Social Responsibilities and along with that continuous innovative techniques are also taken care in all possible manners. Even the quality of manufactured products are been mentioned in the later slides. There are various possible factors discussed throughout the presentation and it will help us to understand the increase of revenue of the company. The presentation has clearly held the CEO of the company responsible for its increase in growth. A brief description of his career journey has been mentioned including his other achievements. This clearly demonstrates his contribution in building the company pillars in India. Even the growth of the company is been decided through various parameters .At the same time a detailed research is presented on the revenue generated by noodle over last few years. Rural growth is also discussed and this growth is also a major factor for company's expansion . The motive of this presentation is making the audience understand various factors and causes of growth of Nestle. The progress of the company is discussed in later slides also shows creation and formation of prosperity on sustainable and regular basis. Nestle has played an important role in India's growth and the later discussions in the further slides depicts the same therefore this company is successful in building its relationship with people of India .Hence high level of trust and commitment has been witnessed so far. The organization activates in India and it has provided indirect and direct job opportunities and livelihood to at least a million suppliers, farmers and other service workers. The company tries to pay attention and put best efforts to understand changing lifestyles of India and anticipate needs of consumer so that it can deliver taste, health, nutrition and wellness through its manufactured products. The tradition of innovation and renovation inside the organization and access to NESTL Group's proprietary technology/Brands expertise and the extensive centralized Research and Development provides a significant advantage in this effort. Further it also helps the organization to generate value which can be maintained over longer duration by providing the consumers a wide range of high quality and safe products in affordable rates. The organization has its Research Development unit located in almost all the major parts of the world. Further in India it has developed its RD unit in Mane sar .This unit will add great value to other regions of South Asia with respect to the prospective of the regional focus..Due to launch of RD unit in India the development will happen in much higher rate. Moreover it will help the company to induce valuable local concepts for better generation of revenue. Over the years Nestle has established its grassroots in India due its better policies and explanation. Today it has captured the FMCG market of India in all respect and especially in case of noodles. The entire presentation was made with a strong motive in order to acknowledge the marketing strategy, revenue generation and growth factors of Nestle Company. These factors are generally responsible for maintaining the brand value of any company. The presentation is basically dedicated to the efforts of the company to establish its business in India. Each slide is focused on each factor and hence it provides a detailed explanation about each feature.

The Cooking animal free essay sample

Michael Pollan’s article The Cooking Animal, describes the decline of home cooked meals and its effects. Cooking, he says, is what separates us from animals. It’s how we became civilized. By making us come together and share food, we learn about each other and ourselves. Although its importance, cooking is rapidly declining in modern times. What was once a daily ritual is now becoming a special occasion. Replacing cooking is convenient, yet horribly unhealthy, processed foods thus worsening the already increasing obesity problem. †The more time a nation devotes to food preparation at home, the lower its rate of obesity† (Pollan 583). Pollan explains the importance of home cooked meals and it’s correlation with obesity and how we have fallen in the trap of the corporations. He explains how the mass producers made hard to make meals cheap, processed, and convenient leaving us to be forever doomed unless we made dire changes. We will write a custom essay sample on The Cooking animal or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Pollen raises many thoughts and facts about the importance of home cooked meals, all of which I completely agree with. Cooking is what separates us from animals. When our ancestors learned the ability to cook the new nutrients allowed them to evolve differently. Cooking not only provided us with much better nutrients but provided us with the means of creating our culture. When we gather with other people and eat together, we share ourselves (Pollan 582). When I first read this article the above statements just clicked with me, it all just made so much sense. I knew that cooking is important but crediting it for mankind’s evolution was new to me. When I read this part of the article I couldn’t help but to imagine a group of Neanderthals eating around a fire, slowly creating their own culture. Cooking is very important to many great cultures and can tell us much about said cultures. My family are big advocates of our Mexican culture so food is definitely very important to us. I’ve eaten with American, Indian, Lebanese, Vietnamese, and Egyptian families all of which had their distinct differences in how they ate and how they interacted with each other on the dinner table. Home cooked meals are being neglected by America causing obesity to become more prominent. The iconic image of the American family gathered around the dinner table is becoming a rare one. Today’s American would much rather pick up a large order of fries than actually get the potatoes and make them yourself, and why not? The restaurants and super markets make it so cheap and easy that you would be a time wasting fool if you cooked it yourself at home. Pollen says that as the preparation time has gone down, calorie consumption has gone up. â€Å"As the amount of time Americans spend cooking has dropped by about half, the number of meals Americans eat in a day has climbed; since 1977, we’ve added approximately half a meal to our daily intake† (583). That’s no surprise considering what goes into the fast food and mass produced foods. I remember I saw a video on what McDonalds chicken nuggets look like before they fry them and I never wanted to eat one ever again. If the chicken looks like pink silly putty, maybe we shouldn’t be eat it regularly. Thankfully I grew up on my mothers cooking. She has a full time job, three kids, and manages to make the best food everyday. I’ve always believed that all my physical and athletic achievements have been greatly attributed by my diet. Apart from home cooked meals being generally far better nutritiously, they generally taste way better. Perhaps they taste better because theyre made with love? That’s up to the consumer to decide. Corporations that mass produce food have one motivation, profit. It’s their job to mass produce food the quickest and cheapest way to earn the most profit so obviously nutrition is going to be neglected. The marketing revolves around habits. If we form the habits of just relying on them for food we will not go back thus more profit for them. It makes me think of an evil villain who’s bent on destroying the human race or at least making us all fat and lazy because that’s what’s happening. We’re becoming lazy which means our children will be lazy and the ability to cook will vanish and it will all go downhill from there. In Pollen’s article, he asked Harry Balzer what we can one do to fix this problem and he said â€Å"Easy. You want Americans to eat less? I have the diet for you. It’s short, and it’s simple. Here’s my diet plan: Cook it yourself. That’s it. Eat anything you want — just as long as you’re willing to cook it yourself† (584). Cooking is something that has been around since the beginning and something that we cannot afford to loose. Cooking is what makes us human, what provides us with the right nutrients and what keeps us from falling into the industries trap. Michael Pollan’s The Cooking Animal reinforced my belief on the importance of home cooked meals and also expands it.

Pricing-to-Market and Its implications for PPP The WritePass Journal

Pricing-to-Market and Its implications for PPP Conclusion Pricing-to-Market and Its implications for PPP IntroductionReview of PTMImplications of PTM for PPP and empirical evince on thatConclusionReferenceRelated Introduction At present, with the increasing process of globalization, the world is integrated as a huge market. International trade is becoming increasingly important between countries. Therefore, exchange rate are now of great concern, people care about its ups and downs, and its implications, especially, to what extent will the exchange rate change influence the price of imported or exported goods. It is important to introduce the idea of PTM to understand this question. The article will first introduce the concept of pricing to market, and then introduce the implications of pricing to market for purchasing power parity. Finally, I will give the conclusion. Review of PTM PTM is considered to be a phenomenon, and this happens in international trade between countries. When the market is in division and there is no â€Å"hot money†, exporters could set different prices according to the places importing from them; they could choose either producer currency pricing or local currency pricing. When producer currency is used, devaluation reduces export price of local commodities, change in exchange rate has conducting effect to price, therefore guarantees the effectiveness of one price law and purchasing power parity; however when local currency pricing is chosen, devaluations of producer currency does not affect export price of commodities since they are priced in local currency. International trade cost is essential in pricing to market. Atkeson and A.Burstein(2008) stated that without international trade costs, even in the presence of variable markups that lead to incomplete pass-through, we have no pricing-to-market. Hence, imperfect competition with variable markups is necessary, but not sufficient, for pricing-to-market. It is widely believed that PTM does not apply to all categories of goods, that it , the extent of Pricing to market varies in different goods trade. Krugman.P(1987) stated that:† PTM is not universal, pricing to market seems to be limited to the transportation equipment and machinery industries† according to his research on US and Germany. In short, PTM refers to the action of a firm to set different price of the same product in different markets. Implications of PTM for PPP and empirical evince on that 1. PPP was first formally introduced by Gustav Cassell in 1920, it was aimed to provide a standard for currencies to slove the problem of compensations after the first world war. It indicates that when consumers purchase identical products in any market worldwide, the quantity of money should be the same when measured in one currency (Hallwood and MacDonald, 2000). At present time, PPP has two functions in economics: one, to judge a currency has whether been over or under estimated, second, as a tool of conversion, to convert GDP or GNP of one country from its own currency into another, therefore compare the economic strength between them. PPP has now been developed into two forms, the absolute ppp and relative ppp. Absolute ppp is based on the law of one price, the theory of absolute purchasing power parity states that the same basket of goods should sell for the same price everywhere (Alessandria,GKaboski,P,K, 2009), while relative ppp debates that exchange rates can be adjusted according to the inflation differentials existing in two markets (Pilbeam, 2006). Unquestionably, the implication of PTM for purchasing power parity is influential according to many researches and studies done. PTM weaken the influence of PPP. The theory of PPP indicates that significant change in exchange rate should result in the devaluation of national inflation and appreciation of national deflation. But the truth is that, either the ups or downs of exchange rate did not significantly affect the inflation. One reason why exchange rate is such insignificant is obvious: exchange rate does not affect volume of trade and total price, as what people expected. The reason lies here is PTM, producers exporting commodities to other countries did not change exporting prices as people expected. For instance, when Japanese producer exporting automobiles into American market, they will set their products’ dollar price on the basis of specific situations in American market. If yen was in an appreciation, they would, by and large, reduce the yen price but not raise th e dollar price to maintain its current business scale in American market. They would rather to eliminate the effects caused by change of exchange rate by adjustments within the enterprise itself. In such condition, exchange rate could not play the important role as it should have played. Betts,C and Devereux M,B (1998) argued that: â€Å"PTM plays a central role in exchange rate determination and in international macroeconomic fluctuations.† The pass-through from exchange rate changes to prices is strongly restricted by actions of PTM.   They also stated that: â€Å"PTM generates departures from purchasing power parity; it tends to reduce the comovement in consumption across countries, while increasing the comovement of output.† (Betts,C and Devereux M,B ,1998). Generally, according to theory of one price and purchasing power parity, changes in exchange rate would pass through efficiently to prices, that prices will be adjusted until it fits the changes in exchange rate, and there will finally be equilibrium. But PTM, as personal actions of enterprises, to some extent, obstructs the channel of passing through. In the conditions of high PTM extent, devaluation of exchange rate has a very limited impaction on the prices determination of imported commodi ties, as (Betts,C and Devereux M,B ,1998) stressed:†the allocative effects of exchange rate changes are therefore wakened.† PTM also has important welfare implications for the transmission of monetary policy shocks. (Betts,C and Devereux M,B ,1998). In a situation under PPP, an unexpected expansion of monetary policy will result in increase in welfare of all organization, no matter home ones or foreign ones. Betts,C and Devereux M,B ,(1998) concluded that: â€Å"Monetary policy is a ‘beggar- thy-neighbor’ instrument in the presence of PTM†. 2. The phenomenon of pricing to market is everywhere in our daily life, and it significantly weaken the influence of law of one price and theory of purchasing power parity, tells people the truth that the same amount of currency could not always buy same basket of goods in different countries’ market. Since the same product could be priced differently in two countries, there will be space of arbitrage. I found exactly the same mode of DELL laptop both sold in U.S and China, on EBay, this dell allienware m15x is priced $1449.99, on the official site of dell china, it is priced 16999 RMB, according to the present exchange rate of RMB over US dollar: 6.573, 16999RMB is $2586, it is $1086 more that in US. Obviously, the transportation cost to bring one laptop from US to China is far more less than $1086. It can be implied that many people will try smuggling commodities like this laptop to earn profits. Conclusion As above discussion, PTM is important in the determination of exchange rate, higher the PTM is, less influence will the exchange rate change make on prices. It also makes significant welfare implications for the transmission of monetary policy shocks. PTM and its implication on PPP is still necessary to be further researched. Reference Krugman, P. (1986), â€Å"Pricing to Markets when exchange rate changes†, In: Arndt, S.W., Richardson,J.D. (Eds.), Real-Financial Linkages among Open Economies. MIT Press, Cambridge. Mark, N. C. (2001), International macroeconomics and finance: theory and econometric methods, Wiley-Blackwell. Sarno, L. Taylor, M.P. (2002), new open-economy of macroeconomics. In The economics of exchange rate, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, Hallwood, P. and MacDonald, R. (2000) International Money and Finance, 3rd ed.Blackwell. Pilbeam, K . (2006) International Finance, 3rd ed. MacMillan. Atkeson,A Burstein,A (2008) â€Å"Pricing-to-market, Trade cost, and International Relative Price*†.   University of California, Los Angeles and Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Alessandria,GKaboski,P,K   (2009) â€Å"Pricing-to-Market and the Failure of Absolute PPP† Betts,C and Devereux M,B (1998),   â€Å"Exchange rate dynamics in a model of pricing-to-market† in Journal of International Economics 50 (2000) 215–244 alienware m15x items- get great deals on PC Laptop notebooks,alienware m17x items on eBay.com! (2011). Retrieved March 9, 2011 from http://shop.ebay.com/i.html?_nkw=alienware+m15x_frs=1_trksid=p3286.c0.m359 ç ®â‚¬Ã¥ â€¢Ã©Å¡ Ã¥ ¿Æ' ç § Ã¤ º «Ã¤ ¸ ºÃ¤ ½   Dell ä ¸ ­Ã¥â€º ½Ã¥ ¤ §Ã©â„¢â€  (2011). Retrieved March 9, 2011 from http://www1.ap.dell.com/content/topics/topic.aspx/ap/topics/microsite/zh/odg_campaign?c=cncs=cndhs1l=zhs=dhs~ck=mn

Implementation of the Saudi Mortgage Law Developing an Effective Research Paper - 3

Implementation of the Saudi Mortgage Law Developing an Effective Mortgage - Research Paper Example The provisions of Saudi Arabia ‘real estate mortgage law’, which was signed into law on July 2, 2012, offer different ways through which the law will be implemented. First, under the ‘Enforcement’ Law, the law has provided that judges should hear and enforce mortgage disputes and insolvency actions (Delloite, 2). In this respect, the law has allowed the courts to decide on the order of the repayment of the mortgages, in a way that would guarantee swift repayments. Under the ‘Real Estate Finance’ Law of the Saudi Mortgage Laws, an elaborate architecture and framework for the authorization and licensing of banks and other non-banking companies to offer mortgage facilities has been established. Thus, according to this section of the law, banks will be allowed to own real estate’s for the purpose of facilitating mortgage lending (Khan, 2). Additionally, the government will facilitate the banks and companies offering the mortgage services, through publicizing real estate market activities, while at the same time granting the companies and the banks an access to the notary registers and the courts (Delloite, 2). This s ection of the law has also provided that a credit risk must be undertaken on the borrowers, through the aid of the authorized and available credit bureaus, to ensure the creditworthiness of all borrowers. Further, the Saudi Mortgage Law includes a section under the ‘Registered Real Estate Mortgage’ Law, which provides for the procedures of the registration of mortgages (Khan, 7).

Obesity (Law and Economics) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Obesity (Law and Economics) - Essay Example It, therefore, is an economic issue that also involves the intervention of policies and laws of the government. According to WHO, health is a major consideration as a measure of living standards. According to Stettner, WHO defines good health as a status when someone has sound physical, mental or sociological state that warrants him or her to be in a state of well-being (209). It may also refer to a state in which one has no disease. The international community is facing a great health problem with the increasing instances of obesity and its associated effects. Obesity is an epidemic that is recognizable by the WHO, today. It poses global health consequences to various governments. This call for the setting up of an international legal framework that would see various governments set up ways to address the epidemic of obesity. Various countries and jurisdictions have a number of policies that look into the issue and provide necessary intervention measures to deal with it. Instituting such legal frameworks also lead to potential consequences that are unintentional. Policymakers also face many challenges when instituting such laws and policies aimed at finding solutions into the epidemic of obesity (Stettner 210). On the economic front, the international community is undergoing challenging times. ... The economic turndown experienced by the international community may further lead to increased cases of obesity. This is because people may turn to less expensive dietary measures consisting of food that is high in calorie. This is because of the economic hardships. It is essential for governments and global institutions to find ways of institutionalizing policies meant to reduce cases of obesity while addressing the current global economic challenges. Acs, Henderson, Levy and Stanton note that obesity is an issue that affects the business fraternity, the government and citizens or individuals on a common scale (221). It, therefore, presents a range of challenges to various sectors of the government and all levels of the society. The health sector bears challenges of high budgeting and costs involved in addressing the obesity epidemic. There are, in addition, cultural dimensions of this health menace affecting the government. All institutions in the United States (both corporate and public) have different avenues set to tackle the issue of obesity (Acs, Henderson, Levy and Stanton 221). Such avenues aim at promoting public awareness on the effects, causes and costs of obesity. Americans, therefore, receive ethical information about the outrage of obesity among them. The initiatives aim at reducing the costs (direct and indirect) incurred in relation to combating obesity. Businesses have initiatives aimed at determining income that that affect eating among the population. Businesses may also have influence on physical activities including exercise through job tasks. In this view, businesses help address obesity as an economic issue. According to Acs, Henderson, Levy and Stanton, public policy plays an immense role